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The Titration Process Titration is a method of measuring chemical concentrations using a reference solution. The titration method requires dissolving a sample with a highly purified chemical reagent, called a primary standards. The titration method is based on the use of an indicator that changes color at the endpoint of the reaction, to indicate completion. Most titrations are performed in an aqueous solution, although glacial acetic acid and ethanol (in the field of petrochemistry) are occasionally used. Titration Procedure The titration method is a well-documented and established quantitative chemical analysis method. It is employed by a variety of industries, such as pharmaceuticals and food production. Titrations are performed manually or by automated devices. Titration involves adding an ordinary concentration solution to an unknown substance until it reaches its endpoint, or equivalent. Titrations are conducted using different indicators. The most popular ones are phenolphthalein or methyl orange. These indicators are used as a signal to signal the end of a test and that the base has been neutralized completely. The endpoint may also be determined by using an instrument of precision, such as a pH meter or calorimeter. Acid-base titrations are the most common type of titrations. They are typically used to determine the strength of an acid or the concentration of the weak base. In order to do this, the weak base is converted to its salt and titrated against an acid that is strong (like CH3COOH) or a very strong base (CH3COONa). The endpoint is usually identified with an indicator such as methyl red or methyl orange that turns orange in acidic solutions, and yellow in basic or neutral ones. Another popular titration is an isometric titration which is typically used to determine the amount of heat created or consumed during the course of a reaction. Isometric measurements can also be performed with an isothermal calorimeter, or a pH titrator, which determines the temperature of a solution. There are a variety of factors that can cause a titration to fail by causing improper handling or storage of the sample, incorrect weighting, inconsistent distribution of the sample and a large amount of titrant that is added to the sample. To reduce these errors, using a combination of SOP compliance and advanced measures to ensure the integrity of data and traceability is the most effective method. This will help reduce the number of the chance of errors in workflow, especially those caused by handling of samples and titrations. This is due to the fact that the titrations are usually conducted on very small amounts of liquid, making the errors more apparent than they would be with larger batches. Titrant The titrant is a liquid with a specific concentration, which is added to the sample to be measured. The titrant has a property that allows it to interact with the analyte in a controlled chemical reaction leading to neutralization of acid or base. The endpoint is determined by observing the color change, or by using potentiometers to measure voltage using an electrode. The volume of titrant dispensed is then used to determine the concentration of the analyte in the initial sample. Titration is done in many different ways however the most popular method is to dissolve the titrant (or analyte) and the analyte in water. Other solvents such as ethanol or glacial acetic acids can be utilized to accomplish specific objectives (e.g. Petrochemistry is a subfield of chemistry which focuses on petroleum. The samples must be liquid for titration. There are four kinds of titrations: acid base, diprotic acid titrations and complexometric titrations, and redox titrations. In acid-base titrations, a weak polyprotic acid is titrated against a stronger base and the equivalence level is determined by the use of an indicator, such as litmus or phenolphthalein. In laboratories, these types of titrations may be used to determine the levels of chemicals in raw materials such as oils and petroleum-based products. Manufacturing companies also use titration to calibrate equipment and assess the quality of products that are produced. In the pharmaceutical and food industries, titration is used to test the sweetness and acidity of foods and the moisture content in drugs to ensure that they have a long shelf life. Titration can be performed by hand or with the help of a specially designed instrument known as a titrator. It automatizes the entire process. The titrator is able to automatically dispense the titrant, observe the titration reaction for visible signal, recognize when the reaction has completed, and then calculate and save the results. It can tell when the reaction has not been completed and prevent further titration. The benefit of using an instrument for titrating is that it requires less expertise and training to operate than manual methods. Analyte A sample analyzer is an instrument that consists of piping and equipment to collect a sample, condition it if needed, and then convey it to the analytical instrument. The analyzer is able to test the sample using a variety of principles such as conductivity, turbidity, fluorescence, or chromatography. A lot of analyzers add substances to the sample to increase its sensitivity. The results are recorded in the form of a log. The analyzer is used to test gases or liquids. Indicator An indicator is a chemical that undergoes a distinct, visible change when the conditions in the solution are altered. titration adhd medication could be a change in color, however, it can also be an increase in temperature or a change in precipitate. Chemical indicators can be used to monitor and control a chemical reaction that includes titrations. They are often used in chemistry labs and are great for science demonstrations and classroom experiments. The acid-base indicator is a common kind of indicator that is used for titrations as well as other laboratory applications. It is made up of a weak base and an acid. Acid and base have distinct color characteristics, and the indicator is designed to be sensitive to pH changes. A good indicator is litmus, which becomes red when it is in contact with acids and blue in the presence of bases. Other types of indicators include bromothymol, phenolphthalein and phenolphthalein. These indicators are used to track the reaction between an acid and a base and they can be useful in determining the exact equivalent point of the titration. Indicators work by having an acid molecular form (HIn) and an ionic acid form (HiN). The chemical equilibrium that is formed between the two forms is pH sensitive, so adding hydrogen ions pushes the equilibrium towards the molecular form (to the left side of the equation) and creates the indicator's characteristic color. The equilibrium is shifted to the right away from the molecular base and towards the conjugate acid, when adding base. This is the reason for the distinctive color of the indicator. Indicators are typically used in acid-base titrations but they can also be used in other types of titrations, such as redox titrations. Redox titrations are slightly more complex, however the principles remain the same. In a redox titration, the indicator is added to a tiny volume of acid or base to help the titration process. When the indicator changes color during the reaction to the titrant, it indicates that the titration has reached its endpoint. The indicator is then removed from the flask and washed off to remove any remaining titrant.